
From R.C. Sproul, Ligonier Ministries
Nov 2, 2018
Is the Reformation Over?
There have been several observations rendered on this
subject by those I would call “erstwhile evangelicals.” One of them wrote,
“Luther was right in the sixteenth century, but the question of justification
is not an issue now.” A second self-confessed evangelical made a comment in a
press conference I attended that “the sixteenth-century Reformation debate over
justification by faith alone was a tempest in a teapot.” Still another noted
European theologian has argued in print that the doctrine of justification by
faith alone is no longer a significant issue in the church. We are faced with a
host of people who are defined as Protestants but who have evidently forgotten
altogether what it is they are protesting.
Contrary to some of these contemporary assessments of the
importance of the doctrine of justification by faith alone, we recall a
different perspective by the sixteenth-century magisterial Reformers. Luther
made his famous comment that the doctrine of justification by faith alone is
the article upon which the church stands or falls. John Calvin added a
different metaphor, saying that justification is the hinge upon which
everything turns. In the twentieth century, J.I. Packer used a metaphor
indicating that justification by faith alone is the “Atlas upon whose shoulder
every other doctrine stands.” Later Packer moved away from that strong metaphor
and retreated to a much weaker one, saying that justification by faith alone is
“the fine print of the gospel.”
The question we have to face in light of these discussions
is, what has changed since the sixteenth century? Well, there is good news and
there is bad news. The good news is that people have become much more civil and
tolerant in theological disputes. We don’t see people being burned at the stake
or tortured on the rack over doctrinal differences. We’ve also seen in the past
years that the Roman communion has remained solidly steadfast on other key
issues of Christian orthodoxy, such as the deity of Christ, His substitutionary
atonement, and the inspiration of the Bible, while many Protestant liberals
have abandoned these particular doctrines wholesale. We also see that Rome has
remained steadfast on critical moral issues such as abortion and ethical
relativism. In the nineteenth century at Vatican Council I, Rome referred to
Protestants as “heretics and schismatics.” In the twentieth century at Vatican
II, Protestants were referred to as “separated brethren.” We see a marked
contrast in the tone of the different councils. The bad news, however, is that
many doctrines that divided orthodox Protestants from Roman Catholics centuries
ago have been declared dogma since the sixteenth century. Virtually all of the
significant Mariology decrees have been declared in the last 150 years. The
doctrine of papal infallibility, though it de facto functioned long before its
formal definition, was nevertheless formally defined and declared de fide
(necessary to believe for salvation) in 1870 at Vatican Council I. We also see
that in recent years the Roman communion has published a new Catholic
catechism, which unequivocally reaffirms the doctrines of the Council of Trent,
including Trent’s definition of the doctrine of justification (and thus affirms
that council’s anathemas against the Reformation doctrine of justification by
faith alone). Along with the reaffirmations of Trent have come a clear
reaffirmation of the Roman doctrine of purgatory, indulgences, and the treasury
of merits.
At a discussion among leading theologians over the issue of
the continued relevance of the doctrine of justification by faith alone,
Michael Horton asked the question: “What is it in the last decades that has
made the first-century gospel unimportant?” The dispute over justification was
not over a technical point of theology that could be consigned to the fringes
of the depository of biblical truth. Nor could it be seen simply as a tempest
in a teapot. This tempest extended far beyond the tiny volume of a single
teacup. The question, “what must I do to be saved?” is still a critical
question for any person who is exposed to the wrath of God.
Even more critical than the question is the answer, because
the answer touches the very heart of gospel truth. In the final analysis, the
Roman Catholic Church affirmed at Trent and continues to affirm now that the
basis by which God will declare a person just or unjust is found in one’s
“inherent righteousness.” If righteousness does not inhere in the person, that
person at worst goes to hell and at best (if any impurities remain in his life)
goes to purgatory for a time that may extend to millions of years. In bold
contrast to that, the biblical and Protestant view of justification is that the
sole grounds of our justification is the righteousness of Christ, which
righteousness is imputed to the believer, so that the moment a person has
authentic faith in Christ, all that is necessary for salvation becomes theirs
by virtue of the imputation of Christ’s righteousness. The fundamental issue is
this: is the basis by which I am justified a righteousness that is my own? Or
is it a righteousness that is, as Luther said, “an alien righteousness,” a
righteousness that is extra nos, apart from us—the righteousness of another,
namely, the righteousness of Christ? From the sixteenth century to the present,
Rome has always taught that justification is based upon faith, on Christ, and
on grace. The difference, however, is that Rome continues to deny that
justification is based on Christ alone, received by faith alone, and given by
grace alone. The difference between these two positions is the difference
between salvation and its opposite. There is no greater issue facing a person
who is alienated from a righteous God.
At the moment the Roman Catholic Church condemned the
biblical doctrine of justification by faith alone, she denied the gospel and
ceased to be a legitimate church, regardless of all the rest of her
affirmations of Christian orthodoxy. To embrace her as an authentic church
while she continues to repudiate the biblical doctrine of salvation is a fatal
attribution. We’re living in a time where theological conflict is considered
politically incorrect, but to declare peace when there is no peace is to betray
the heart and soul of the gospel.
This post was originally published in Tabletalk magazine.